Problem solution speech topics, 75 ideas and guidelines to help you selecting, defining and organizing your public speaking speech topics. Persuade your audience that there is a problem and that you have the solution. Convince them to agree with your solution and motivate them to change their opinions, policies or regulations. Before you choose one of the problem solution topics in my list of examples you have to know the elements you have to develop. These four elements for problem solutions speech topics are extracted from the very famous Monroe's Motivational Sequence for persuasive speeches:
1. Problem - State the problem or that some conditions are not quite optimal, and why it's important. Let them realize the scope and effects. Appeal to reason and to the needs and emotions of the audience to persuade them.
2. Solution - Advocate a solution for the problem and causes, or a plan to satisfact the needs.
3. Visualization - Visualize the practicality of your solution. Show how the solutions will improve the situation, show their effectiveness and practicality. Prove that the alternatives are impractical and cause more problems in order to overrule the objections against your solution.
4. Action - Convince them to agree, to change an existing policy or attitude, or move them to action in the way you propose in your problem solution speech topics.
How to Select Your Problem Solution Speech Topics
If you are invited as public speaker because of your personal knowlegde or experience, then find out what the problems, interests and needs of your audience are. Problem solution speech topics deal with questions, opinions or controversies of change or policy. However, there are public speaking situations in which you can answer questions of facts and values. For example if you are a keynote speaker:
-Are you the only keynote speaker or one of many?
-If you are not the only one: do you have to argue with another speaker about your solution?
-Has your audience heard you before?
-What is their impression of you or your organization?
If you are developing a problem solution speech for educational purposes:
-What exactly are the rules of the assigment?
-How long will your talk last?
List Of 75+ Problem Solution Speech Topics
Now let's have a look at the list of 75+ problem solution speech topics below. Read the list of speech topics carefully and brainstorm a bit about possible causes, problems, effects and solutions. These questions may help you to brainstorm and develop a short list of possible problem solution speech topics:
What do you like to talk about?
How long will your talk last?
-What are your personal concerns and convictions?
-Which of the speech topics are you interested in or you do know something about?
-What are global, national, state, community or school related problems, issues or controversies, and causes, effects and solutions related to the text to speech?
-Is there a connection between some problem solution speech topics and any of your personal experiences, expertises or personal goals? Be inspired, use your fantasy and come up with new problem solution speech topics.
LIST OF SPEECH TOPICS:
BUSINESS - Abusive Marketing, Bankruptcy, Corporate Whistleblowing, Foreign Import Concurrency, Job Opportunities, Unemployment, Subversive Advertising, Thwarted Career Goals, Unjustifiably Large Incomes, Work Environment
EDUCATION - Academic Pressure, Cheating, Dropouts, Competency Tests, Lack Of Educational Opportunities, Parent Education, Sexeducation In Schools
ENVIRONMENT PROBLEM SOLUTION SPEECH TOPICS - Acid Rain, Alternate Energy Sources, Climate Change
FOOD AND HEALTH - Abuse Of Patent Medicines, Dangers Of Food Additives, Dental Health, Depression, Fat In Low Price Food Products, Food Labeling, Health Care, Integration Of The Disabled, Problems Of The Mentally Ill, Survey Of Diets, Testtube Babies, Vegetarianism
GLOBAL AND POLITICS - Food Shortages, International Threats, Overpopulation, Subsidizing Farms, US And UN Relationship
LEGISLATIVE AND JUDICIAL - Crime And Punishment, Drunk Driving Accidents, Effects Of Prejudice, Gun Control, Hate Crimes, Illegal Immigration, Safety And Security, Taxing Of Church Property
SOCIAL PROBLEM SOLUTION SPEECH TOPICS - Airbags, Cigarette Advertising, Decreasing Car Accidents, Discrimination, Domestic Violence, Family Breakdowns, Forced Retirement, Gambling, Hobbies, Home, Internet Spam, Interpersonal Relationships, Loneliness, Minimum Wage Level, Peer Pressure, Reducing Neglect, Runaways, Self Esteem, Social Security, Teenage Runaways, Problems Of The Elderly, Problems Of The Family, Problems Of The Homeless, Problems Of The Hungry, Tobacco Use, Underage Drinking, Voting System
Problem Solution Speech Topics: What Is The Problem?
By now, you have a short list of candidate problem solution speech topics. Let's move forward and develop them further. Examine the dimensions of the problems or potential problems. Use this easy information checklist:
-What has been done till now or why not?
-How could the problems or obstacles be defined or described?
-What are the duration and costs?
Will it become worse if nothing will be done?
Is immediate action required? If your listeners understand there's a need or problem, they are more willing to accept the solutions and recommendations in your problem solution speech topics. For instance think about the social, physical, health, happiness, security, concerns, value and needs in the audiences' community. Examine and make a speech preparation outline with the dimensions of the problems or potential problems in your problem solution speech topics.
-Have your audience or other people been affected by the problem and in what way?
-What could be your evidence, which facts and figures can prove the proper dimensions for them and that you're right?
-What information can help them to understand the problem?
What Is The Solution?
List all the various potential solutions and alternatives. Imagine the features, aspects and merits that might persuade the audience by researching illustrations, facts, figures, expert testimonies and examples. Do it step by step, in each problem solution speech topic:
-Select your best possible solution for the problem.
-Demonstrate the workability of your plan by citing experts and refering to a successful implementation elsewhere in your problem solution speech topics.
-Recommendate procedures for implementing the solution.
-What are the effects, costs and required actions?
-Who should take action, and when and where?
-What else is necessary?
NOTES: If the audience is devided, not sure or unaware of the problem, then pay more attention to the urgency and the needs of your audience. If they know the problem exist, then pay more attention in your problem solution speech topics to the reasonablity and workability of your plan. In case you want to oppose to a change in policy, because another solution causes problems, then emphazise the limitations and the dislikes.
How to Outline Your Problem And Solution Speech Topics
These are the most used methods of developing and outlining problem solution speech topics:
-Problem Solution Method
Recommended if you have to argue that there is a social and current problem and you have convince the listeners that you have the best solution. Introduce and provide background information to show the problem. List the best and ideal conditions and situations. Show the options. Analize the proper criteria. And present your plan to solve the problem.
-Problem Cause Solution Method
Use this pattern for developing problem cause solution speech topics. Identify the problem and its causes. Analyze the causes and propose solutions to the causes.
-Problem Cause Effect Method
Use this method to outline the effects of a problem cause speech topic. Prove the connection between financial, political, social causes and their effects.
-Comparative Advantage Method
Use this organizational pattern for so-called compare contrast problem solution speech topics. Recommended in case everyone knows of the problem and the different solutions and agrees that something has to be done. Compare the features and the differences of possible solutions and procedures. And explain why your solution is the most preferable one.
The Purpose And Central Idea Of Problem Solution Speech Topics
Summarize the bottomline of your persuasive public speaking speech in one powerful and clear sentence: that will be your problem solution speech topic statement. In that statement you have to bring together the problem and the solution.
Examples of a statements for problem solution speech topics:Severe Safety Rules Can Stop Decreasing Car AccidentsSexeducation In Schools Will Prevent Teenage PregnancyA Better Railroadpassenger Service Will Attract More Clients
By now you have studied the main ideas for writing a public speaking speech on problem solution speech topics.
วันอังคารที่ 3 มีนาคม พ.ศ. 2552
Certainty in English contract law
Certainty in English contract law set out rules for how judges will interpret, sever or put contracts into effect.
If the terms of the contract are uncertain or incomplete, the parties cannot have reached an agreement in the eyes of the law.[1] An agreement to agree does not constitute a contract, and an inability to agree on key issues, which may include such things as price or safety, may cause the entire contract to fail. However, a court will attempt to give effect to commercial contracts where possible, by construing a reasonable construction of the contract.[2]
Courts may also look to external standards, which are either mentioned explicitly in the contract[3] or implied by common practice in a certain field.[4] In addition, the court may also imply a term; if price is excluded, the court may imply a reasonable price, with the exception of land, and second-hand goods, which are unique.
If there are uncertain or incomplete clauses in the contract, and all options in resolving its true meaning have failed, it may be possible to sever and void just those affected clauses if the contract includes a severability clause. The test of whether a clause is severable is an objective test—whether a reasonable person would see the contract standing even without the clauses.
If the terms of the contract are uncertain or incomplete, the parties cannot have reached an agreement in the eyes of the law.[1] An agreement to agree does not constitute a contract, and an inability to agree on key issues, which may include such things as price or safety, may cause the entire contract to fail. However, a court will attempt to give effect to commercial contracts where possible, by construing a reasonable construction of the contract.[2]
Courts may also look to external standards, which are either mentioned explicitly in the contract[3] or implied by common practice in a certain field.[4] In addition, the court may also imply a term; if price is excluded, the court may imply a reasonable price, with the exception of land, and second-hand goods, which are unique.
If there are uncertain or incomplete clauses in the contract, and all options in resolving its true meaning have failed, it may be possible to sever and void just those affected clauses if the contract includes a severability clause. The test of whether a clause is severable is an objective test—whether a reasonable person would see the contract standing even without the clauses.
Present Perfect
FORM
[has/have + past participle]
Examples:
You have seen that movie many times.
Have you seen that movie many times?
You have not seen that movie many times.
Complete List of Present Perfect Forms
USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now
We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.
Examples:
I have seen that movie twenty times.
I think I have met him once before.
There have been many earthquakes in California.
People have traveled to the Moon.
People have not traveled to Mars.
Have you read the book yet?
Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.
A: Has there ever been a war in the United States?B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.
How Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect?
The concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing to English learners. It is best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics:
TOPIC 1 Experience
You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.
Examples:
I have been to France.This sentence means that you have had the experience of being in France. Maybe you have been there once, or several times.
I have been to France three times.You can add the number of times at the end of the sentence.
I have never been to France.This sentence means that you have not had the experience of going to France.
I think I have seen that movie before.
He has never traveled by train.
Joan has studied two foreign languages.
A: Have you ever met him?B: No, I have not met him.
TOPIC 2 Change Over Time
We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time.
Examples:
You have grown since the last time I saw you.
The government has become more interested in arts education.
Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studies program was established.
My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.
TOPIC 3 Accomplishments
We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.
Examples:
Man has walked on the Moon.
Our son has learned how to read.
Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.
Scientists have split the atom.
TOPIC 4 An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting
We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen.
Examples:
James has not finished his homework yet.
Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate.
Bill has still not arrived.
The rain hasn't stopped.
TOPIC 5 Multiple Actions at Different Times
We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible.
Examples:
The army has attacked that city five times.
I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester.
We have had many major problems while working on this project.
She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick.
Time Expressions with Present Perfect
When we use the Present Perfect it means that something has happened at some point in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not important.
Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this with expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now, etc.
Examples:
Have you been to Mexico in the last year?
I have seen that movie six times in the last month.
They have had three tests in the last week.
She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has worked for three different companies so far.
My car has broken down three times this week.
NOTICE
"Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year" means the year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires Simple Past. "In the last year" means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it requires Present Perfect.
Examples:
I went to Mexico last year.I went to Mexico in the calendar year before this one.
I have been to Mexico in the last year.I have been to Mexico at least once at some point between 365 days ago and now.
USE 2 Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)
With Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Present Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect.
Examples:
I have had a cold for two weeks.
She has been in England for six months.
Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.
Although the above use of Present Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
You have only seen that movie one time.
Have you only seen that movie one time?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
Many tourists have visited that castle. Active
That castle has been visited by many tourists. Passive
[has/have + past participle]
Examples:
You have seen that movie many times.
Have you seen that movie many times?
You have not seen that movie many times.
Complete List of Present Perfect Forms
USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now
We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.
Examples:
I have seen that movie twenty times.
I think I have met him once before.
There have been many earthquakes in California.
People have traveled to the Moon.
People have not traveled to Mars.
Have you read the book yet?
Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.
A: Has there ever been a war in the United States?B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.
How Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect?
The concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing to English learners. It is best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics:
TOPIC 1 Experience
You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.
Examples:
I have been to France.This sentence means that you have had the experience of being in France. Maybe you have been there once, or several times.
I have been to France three times.You can add the number of times at the end of the sentence.
I have never been to France.This sentence means that you have not had the experience of going to France.
I think I have seen that movie before.
He has never traveled by train.
Joan has studied two foreign languages.
A: Have you ever met him?B: No, I have not met him.
TOPIC 2 Change Over Time
We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time.
Examples:
You have grown since the last time I saw you.
The government has become more interested in arts education.
Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studies program was established.
My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.
TOPIC 3 Accomplishments
We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.
Examples:
Man has walked on the Moon.
Our son has learned how to read.
Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.
Scientists have split the atom.
TOPIC 4 An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting
We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen.
Examples:
James has not finished his homework yet.
Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate.
Bill has still not arrived.
The rain hasn't stopped.
TOPIC 5 Multiple Actions at Different Times
We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible.
Examples:
The army has attacked that city five times.
I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester.
We have had many major problems while working on this project.
She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick.
Time Expressions with Present Perfect
When we use the Present Perfect it means that something has happened at some point in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not important.
Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this with expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now, etc.
Examples:
Have you been to Mexico in the last year?
I have seen that movie six times in the last month.
They have had three tests in the last week.
She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has worked for three different companies so far.
My car has broken down three times this week.
NOTICE
"Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year" means the year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires Simple Past. "In the last year" means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it requires Present Perfect.
Examples:
I went to Mexico last year.I went to Mexico in the calendar year before this one.
I have been to Mexico in the last year.I have been to Mexico at least once at some point between 365 days ago and now.
USE 2 Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)
With Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Present Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect.
Examples:
I have had a cold for two weeks.
She has been in England for six months.
Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.
Although the above use of Present Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
You have only seen that movie one time.
Have you only seen that movie one time?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
Many tourists have visited that castle. Active
That castle has been visited by many tourists. Passive
Notes on the present perfect
A present perfect verb always includes:
has (singular) or have (plural) + a past participle
Past participles usually end in -ed:
contributed, resigned, completed
but may be irregular:
fallen, grown, made, been, become
Examples
couples have contributed
average household size has fallen
A present perfect continuous verb includes:
has (singular) or have (plural) + been + an -ing verb
Examples
couples have been contributing
average household size has been falling
A present perfect passive verb includes:
has (singular) or have (plural) + been + a past participle
Examples
the report has been reviewed
prices have been increased
has (singular) or have (plural) + a past participle
Past participles usually end in -ed:
contributed, resigned, completed
but may be irregular:
fallen, grown, made, been, become
Examples
couples have contributed
average household size has fallen
A present perfect continuous verb includes:
has (singular) or have (plural) + been + an -ing verb
Examples
couples have been contributing
average household size has been falling
A present perfect passive verb includes:
has (singular) or have (plural) + been + a past participle
Examples
the report has been reviewed
prices have been increased
Restrictive / Nonrestrictive Clauses
We have already seen that adjective clauses can beclassified into subject-pattern clauses, object-patternclauses, possessive clauses, and clauses with whereand when. They can also be classified in another way:into restrictive and non-restrictive clauses.
Restrictive Clauses
An adjective clause is restrictive if it is needed toidentify (specify, clarify) which noun phrase is beingtalked about in the sentence that contains the clause.If the clause is restrictive, it it will answer the question"Which (noun) _____ ?"
Examples
1.
The person (who[m]) Judy met atKen's party called her last night.
A: Some person called Judy last night.
B: Which person called Judy last night?
A: The person (who[m] / that) she metat Ken's party.
This clause is restrictive because it's neededto identify "the person."
_________________________________________
2.
The person who called yesterday will callagain this afternoon.
A: Some person called again this afternoon.
B: Which person called again this afternoon?
A: The person who (that) called yesterday.
This clause is also restrictive; again, it's neededto specify "the person."
_________________________________________
3.
The soup that (which) Sally madeis too salty.
A: The soup is too salty.
B: Which soup?
A: The soup (that / which) Sally made.
This clause is restrictive, too: it shows which soupis being referred to.
_________________________________________
4.
The car that's (which is) parked besideJoe's belongs to Tina.
A: One of those cars belongs to Tina.
B: Which one?
A: The one that's (which is) parked beside Joe's.
Once again, the clause is restrictive; it's necessaryinformation if A wants B to know which car she isreferring to.
__________________________________________
Non-Restrictive Clauses
An adjective clause is non-restrictive if the clauseis not needed to identify which noun phrase is beingtalked about. This does not mean that the clauseshould be omitted from the sentence. Instead, itmeans that the clause gives important information,but the information is extra.
Examples
1.
Jim Peterson, who(m) Judy met atKen's party, called her last night.
This clause is non-restrictive. It's not neededto identify the person who called Judy becausethe person is identified by name: Jim Peterson.
_________________________________________
2.
Your mother, who called yesterday,called again this afternoon.
This clause is also non-restrictive. It's not neededto show which person called again this afternoon;your mother makes the person's identity very clear.
_________________________________________
3.
Sally's vegetable beef soup, which is inthe big white bowl, is too salty.
The clause inside the commas is not needed to showwhich soup is being referred to because the modifiersSally's, vegetable, and beef make this very clear.Knowing that this soup is in the big white bowl is extrainformation, so the clause "which is in the big whitebowl" is non-restrictive.
_________________________________________
4.
Tina's new car, which she bought last week,is a Corvette.
The clause inside the commas is also non-restrictive.It's not needed to to show which car is being referred tobecause the modifiers Tina's and new make this very clear. For this reason, the clause "which she bought lastweek" is extra information,
Restrictive Clauses
An adjective clause is restrictive if it is needed toidentify (specify, clarify) which noun phrase is beingtalked about in the sentence that contains the clause.If the clause is restrictive, it it will answer the question"Which (noun) _____ ?"
Examples
1.
The person (who[m]) Judy met atKen's party called her last night.
A: Some person called Judy last night.
B: Which person called Judy last night?
A: The person (who[m] / that) she metat Ken's party.
This clause is restrictive because it's neededto identify "the person."
_________________________________________
2.
The person who called yesterday will callagain this afternoon.
A: Some person called again this afternoon.
B: Which person called again this afternoon?
A: The person who (that) called yesterday.
This clause is also restrictive; again, it's neededto specify "the person."
_________________________________________
3.
The soup that (which) Sally madeis too salty.
A: The soup is too salty.
B: Which soup?
A: The soup (that / which) Sally made.
This clause is restrictive, too: it shows which soupis being referred to.
_________________________________________
4.
The car that's (which is) parked besideJoe's belongs to Tina.
A: One of those cars belongs to Tina.
B: Which one?
A: The one that's (which is) parked beside Joe's.
Once again, the clause is restrictive; it's necessaryinformation if A wants B to know which car she isreferring to.
__________________________________________
Non-Restrictive Clauses
An adjective clause is non-restrictive if the clauseis not needed to identify which noun phrase is beingtalked about. This does not mean that the clauseshould be omitted from the sentence. Instead, itmeans that the clause gives important information,but the information is extra.
Examples
1.
Jim Peterson, who(m) Judy met atKen's party, called her last night.
This clause is non-restrictive. It's not neededto identify the person who called Judy becausethe person is identified by name: Jim Peterson.
_________________________________________
2.
Your mother, who called yesterday,called again this afternoon.
This clause is also non-restrictive. It's not neededto show which person called again this afternoon;your mother makes the person's identity very clear.
_________________________________________
3.
Sally's vegetable beef soup, which is inthe big white bowl, is too salty.
The clause inside the commas is not needed to showwhich soup is being referred to because the modifiersSally's, vegetable, and beef make this very clear.Knowing that this soup is in the big white bowl is extrainformation, so the clause "which is in the big whitebowl" is non-restrictive.
_________________________________________
4.
Tina's new car, which she bought last week,is a Corvette.
The clause inside the commas is also non-restrictive.It's not needed to to show which car is being referred tobecause the modifiers Tina's and new make this very clear. For this reason, the clause "which she bought lastweek" is extra information,
Clauses with Where and When
In addition to adjective clauses that begin with "normal"relative pronouns (who, who[m], that, which, whose), there are also adjective clauses that begin with whereand when.
Adjective clauses beginning with where add informationabout a place, while adjective clauses beginning withwhen add information about a time.
Examples:
1.
Where
The building is on Central Avenue.Lena works in the building. --->
The building where Lena worksis on Central Avenue.*
Note:
The sentence with where has an adjectiveclause: where Lena works. In the clause,where is used in the same way as a relativepronoun. The clause modifies the building.
_________________________________
The city is about 200 miles north of here.Joe's family lives in the city. --->
The city where Joe's family lives is about200 miles north of here.*
Note:
The sentence with where has an adjectiveclause: where Joe's family lives. In theclause, where is used in the same way asa relative pronoun. The clauses modifiesthe city.
_________________________________
They live in a building. There are manyapartments in the building. --->
They live in a building where there aremany apartments.*
Note:
In the sentence above, the adjective clauseis where there are many apartments.The clause modifies a building.
2.
When
I'll always remember the day.We met on the day. --->
I'll always remember the daywhen we met.*
Note:
In the sentence above, the adjectiveclause is when we met. The clausemodifies the day.
_________________________________
Autumn is the season. The leavesof many trees change color duringthe season. --->
Autumn is the season when the leavesof many trees change color.*
Note:
In the sentence above, the adjectiveclause is when the leaves of many treeschange color. The clause modifiesthe season.
_________________________________
Thanksgiving is a holiday. Families liketo gather together on the holiday. --->
Thanksgiving is a holiday when familieslike to gather together.*
Note:
This time the adjective clause is whenfamilies like to gather together. Theclause modifies a holiday.
_____________________________________________
Special Notes:
1.
Do not use prepositions before eitherwhere or when in an adjective clause:
wrong:*The building in where Lena worksis on Central Avenue.
wrong:*They live in a building in wherethere are many apartments.
wrong:*I'll always remember the dayon when we met.
wrong:*Autumn is the season during whenthe leaves of many trees change color.
2.
In very formal writing, you may, however,use prepositions before which--but notbefore that:
good:The building in which Lena worksis on Central Avenue.
wrong:*The building in that Lena worksis on Central Avenue
____________________________
good:They live in a building in whichthere are many apartments.
wrong:*They live in a building in thatthere are many apartments.
____________________________
good:I'll always remember the dayon which we met.
wrong:*I'll always remember the dayon that we met.
____________________________
good:Autumn is the season during whichthe leaves of many trees change color.
wrong:*Autumn is the season during thatthe leaves of many trees change color.
Adjective clauses beginning with where add informationabout a place, while adjective clauses beginning withwhen add information about a time.
Examples:
1.
Where
The building is on Central Avenue.Lena works in the building. --->
The building where Lena worksis on Central Avenue.*
Note:
The sentence with where has an adjectiveclause: where Lena works. In the clause,where is used in the same way as a relativepronoun. The clause modifies the building.
_________________________________
The city is about 200 miles north of here.Joe's family lives in the city. --->
The city where Joe's family lives is about200 miles north of here.*
Note:
The sentence with where has an adjectiveclause: where Joe's family lives. In theclause, where is used in the same way asa relative pronoun. The clauses modifiesthe city.
_________________________________
They live in a building. There are manyapartments in the building. --->
They live in a building where there aremany apartments.*
Note:
In the sentence above, the adjective clauseis where there are many apartments.The clause modifies a building.
2.
When
I'll always remember the day.We met on the day. --->
I'll always remember the daywhen we met.*
Note:
In the sentence above, the adjectiveclause is when we met. The clausemodifies the day.
_________________________________
Autumn is the season. The leavesof many trees change color duringthe season. --->
Autumn is the season when the leavesof many trees change color.*
Note:
In the sentence above, the adjectiveclause is when the leaves of many treeschange color. The clause modifiesthe season.
_________________________________
Thanksgiving is a holiday. Families liketo gather together on the holiday. --->
Thanksgiving is a holiday when familieslike to gather together.*
Note:
This time the adjective clause is whenfamilies like to gather together. Theclause modifies a holiday.
_____________________________________________
Special Notes:
1.
Do not use prepositions before eitherwhere or when in an adjective clause:
wrong:*The building in where Lena worksis on Central Avenue.
wrong:*They live in a building in wherethere are many apartments.
wrong:*I'll always remember the dayon when we met.
wrong:*Autumn is the season during whenthe leaves of many trees change color.
2.
In very formal writing, you may, however,use prepositions before which--but notbefore that:
good:The building in which Lena worksis on Central Avenue.
wrong:*The building in that Lena worksis on Central Avenue
____________________________
good:They live in a building in whichthere are many apartments.
wrong:*They live in a building in thatthere are many apartments.
____________________________
good:I'll always remember the dayon which we met.
wrong:*I'll always remember the dayon that we met.
____________________________
good:Autumn is the season during whichthe leaves of many trees change color.
wrong:*Autumn is the season during thatthe leaves of many trees change color.
Using Adjective Clauses
Possessive Adjective Clauses
In addition to subject- and object-pattern adjectiveclauses, there are also adjective clauses with whose.In clauses of this type, whose shows possession.It is always combined with a noun or noun phrase.
Examples:
1.
The author is Jonathan Kellerman. She likesthe author's books best. --->
The author whose books she likes best isJonathan Kellerman.
The sentence with whose has an adjectiveclause: whose books she likes best. In theclause, whose is the relative pronoun and isused with books. The clause modifies thesubject of the sentence: the author.
________________________________
The people will be glad to help you.The people's names are on this list. --->
The people whose names are on thislist will be glad to help you.
Here, the adjective clause is whosenames are on this list. The adjectiveclause modifies the subject of the mainsentence: the people.
2.
I enjoyed discussing the author. We hadjust read the author's latest book. --->
I enjoyed discussing the author whoselatest book we had just rea d.
Again, the sentence with whose has anadjective clause: whose latest book wehad just read. The clause modifies theobject of the main sentence: the author.
________________________________
I've contacted all the people. The people'snames are on this list. --->
I've contacted all the people whose namesare on this list.
Here, the adjective clause is whose namesare on this list. The clause modifies theobject of the main sentence: the people.
________________________________________
Special Notes
1.
Do not use a subject relative pronounand a "regular" possessive "pronoun inan adjective clause:
wrong:*The author who / that his books shelikes best is Jonathan Kellerman.
wrong:*The people who / that their names areon this list will be glad to help you.
wrong:*I enjoyed discussing the author who / thathis latest book we had just read.
wrong:*I've contacted all the people who / thattheir names are on this list.
wrong:*She just bought a computer that / whichits processor speed is 450 mhz.
2.
Whose clauses for Things
There is a problem when you want tomake a possessive adjective clause forthings--because English does not havea special relative pronoun for this situation:
She just bought a computer. The computer'sprocessor speed is 450 mhz. --->
She just bought a computer ??? processorspeed is 450 mhz.
___________________________________
Important: Because English does nothave a possessive relative pronoun thatrefers to things, whose must be used:
She just bought a computer whoseprocessor speed is 450 mhz.
Bill has a car whose color is blue.
Sentences with adjective clauses like theabove are awkward because whose seemsmore appropriate for people than for things.You can avoid this problem by rephrasingthe adjective clause:
She just bought a computer which / thathas a processor speed of 450 mhz.
Bill has a blue car.
In addition to subject- and object-pattern adjectiveclauses, there are also adjective clauses with whose.In clauses of this type, whose shows possession.It is always combined with a noun or noun phrase.
Examples:
1.
The author is Jonathan Kellerman. She likesthe author's books best. --->
The author whose books she likes best isJonathan Kellerman.
The sentence with whose has an adjectiveclause: whose books she likes best. In theclause, whose is the relative pronoun and isused with books. The clause modifies thesubject of the sentence: the author.
________________________________
The people will be glad to help you.The people's names are on this list. --->
The people whose names are on thislist will be glad to help you.
Here, the adjective clause is whosenames are on this list. The adjectiveclause modifies the subject of the mainsentence: the people.
2.
I enjoyed discussing the author. We hadjust read the author's latest book. --->
I enjoyed discussing the author whoselatest book we had just rea d.
Again, the sentence with whose has anadjective clause: whose latest book wehad just read. The clause modifies theobject of the main sentence: the author.
________________________________
I've contacted all the people. The people'snames are on this list. --->
I've contacted all the people whose namesare on this list.
Here, the adjective clause is whose namesare on this list. The clause modifies theobject of the main sentence: the people.
________________________________________
Special Notes
1.
Do not use a subject relative pronounand a "regular" possessive "pronoun inan adjective clause:
wrong:*The author who / that his books shelikes best is Jonathan Kellerman.
wrong:*The people who / that their names areon this list will be glad to help you.
wrong:*I enjoyed discussing the author who / thathis latest book we had just read.
wrong:*I've contacted all the people who / thattheir names are on this list.
wrong:*She just bought a computer that / whichits processor speed is 450 mhz.
2.
Whose clauses for Things
There is a problem when you want tomake a possessive adjective clause forthings--because English does not havea special relative pronoun for this situation:
She just bought a computer. The computer'sprocessor speed is 450 mhz. --->
She just bought a computer ??? processorspeed is 450 mhz.
___________________________________
Important: Because English does nothave a possessive relative pronoun thatrefers to things, whose must be used:
She just bought a computer whoseprocessor speed is 450 mhz.
Bill has a car whose color is blue.
Sentences with adjective clauses like theabove are awkward because whose seemsmore appropriate for people than for things.You can avoid this problem by rephrasingthe adjective clause:
She just bought a computer which / thathas a processor speed of 450 mhz.
Bill has a blue car.
Verb Forms and Verb Tenses
The - ing Form
English verbs have five basic forms: the base form, the - S form,the - ing form, the past form, and the past participle form. The- ing ending for English verbs is used in several different situations:
1.
The -ing ending is used to show the progressiveaspect (progressive / continuous verb tenses).
The progressive aspect shows that an action is / was /has been / had been / will be (etc.) in progress at aparticular time or during a particular period of time.It often suggests that the action is / was / has been /had been / will be (etc.) long or uninterrupted.
All of the English tenses can use the progressive aspect--and in both active and passive sentences. Progressiveaspect always has at least two parts: the verb be (whichis often contracted) and an - ing verb:
He's studying.
They were going home when I saw them.
You've been working too hard!
We'd been talking about you before you called.
At 1:00 AM, I'll be sleeping.
John might be working. I'm not sure
The operation is being performed right now.
The letters were being typed when I left.
2.
The -ing form is also used for gerunds (verbs whichare used as nouns).
Gerunds can be used as nouns for subjects andsubject complements:
Learning a language isn't easy.
Talking to Bill was a lot of fun.
Communicating by e-mail has becomevery common.
His hobby is collecting stamps.
______________________________________
Gerunds can also be used as nouns for objectsof verbs and prepositions:
They dislike studying.
For exercise, he recommends swimming.
He doesn't care about being on time.
They're tired of listening to you.
Did he succeed in solving the problem?
3.
The -ing form is also seen in participles (verb formswhich are used as adjectives).
Participles are commonly used as adjectives whichmodify nouns:
The movie was boring.
That was an exciting game.
His explanation was confusing.
______________________________________
Participles are also used in phrases which modifyparts of sentences or entire sentences:
Whistling happily, he began to work.
He entered the room, whistling happily,and began to work.
Holding his hands in the air, he surrendered.
He surrendered reluctantly, knowing thathe had no other choice.
4.
The -ing form is also used after go in many expressionsshowing leisure-time activities--including
go bowling, go dancing, go diving,go drinking, go fishing, go hiking,go horseback riding,
go jogging, go skating,go swimming, go shopping, go skiing
__________________________________________________
Special Notes:
1.
After to, base forms are generally used, but whento is part of a phrasal verb and when to is used asa preposition, it is followed by an - ing form:
I want to see you. /I look forward to seeing you.
Are you able to do it by yourself? /Are you up to doing it by yourself?
He used to smoke. /He's used to smoking.
2.
If phrases with participles are at the beginning ofa sentence, they should modify / describe the firstnoun or pronoun in the sentence:
Whistling happily, he began to work.("Whistling happily" modifies "he.")
Holding his hands in the air, he surrendered.("Holding his hands in the air" modifies "he.")
______________________________________
If a phrase with a participle is at the beginning ofa sentence and doesn't modify / describe the firstnoun or pronoun, the meaning will not be clear.In this situation, rewrite the sentence.
wrong--needs to be rewritten:
*Whistling happily, the work waseasy for him.
wrong--needs to be rewritten:
*Holding his hands in the air, the policeman knewthat the criminal wanted to surrender.
3.
Both present participles (- ing forms) and pastparticiples can be used as adjectives, but they havedifferent meanings:
The movie bored me. --->The movie was boring. / I was bored.
That game excited me. --->That was an exciting game /I was excited by that game.
His explanation confused me. --->His explanation was confusing. /I was confused by his explanation.
4.
The combination go + an - ing form is not used forall leisure-time activities:
wrong:
*I go watching TV on weekends.
*I go playing tennis on weekends.
*I go sleeping late on weekends.
*I go relaxing with my friends on weekends.
5.
Some verbs which combine with other words arefollowed by an -ing form (gerund), not to anda base form:
I regret saying that.
He admitted stealing the money.
I recommend seeing a doctor.
He considered taking a vacation.
They proposed taking a break.
Did she suggest cheating?
English verbs have five basic forms: the base form, the - S form,the - ing form, the past form, and the past participle form. The- ing ending for English verbs is used in several different situations:
1.
The -ing ending is used to show the progressiveaspect (progressive / continuous verb tenses).
The progressive aspect shows that an action is / was /has been / had been / will be (etc.) in progress at aparticular time or during a particular period of time.It often suggests that the action is / was / has been /had been / will be (etc.) long or uninterrupted.
All of the English tenses can use the progressive aspect--and in both active and passive sentences. Progressiveaspect always has at least two parts: the verb be (whichis often contracted) and an - ing verb:
He's studying.
They were going home when I saw them.
You've been working too hard!
We'd been talking about you before you called.
At 1:00 AM, I'll be sleeping.
John might be working. I'm not sure
The operation is being performed right now.
The letters were being typed when I left.
2.
The -ing form is also used for gerunds (verbs whichare used as nouns).
Gerunds can be used as nouns for subjects andsubject complements:
Learning a language isn't easy.
Talking to Bill was a lot of fun.
Communicating by e-mail has becomevery common.
His hobby is collecting stamps.
______________________________________
Gerunds can also be used as nouns for objectsof verbs and prepositions:
They dislike studying.
For exercise, he recommends swimming.
He doesn't care about being on time.
They're tired of listening to you.
Did he succeed in solving the problem?
3.
The -ing form is also seen in participles (verb formswhich are used as adjectives).
Participles are commonly used as adjectives whichmodify nouns:
The movie was boring.
That was an exciting game.
His explanation was confusing.
______________________________________
Participles are also used in phrases which modifyparts of sentences or entire sentences:
Whistling happily, he began to work.
He entered the room, whistling happily,and began to work.
Holding his hands in the air, he surrendered.
He surrendered reluctantly, knowing thathe had no other choice.
4.
The -ing form is also used after go in many expressionsshowing leisure-time activities--including
go bowling, go dancing, go diving,go drinking, go fishing, go hiking,go horseback riding,
go jogging, go skating,go swimming, go shopping, go skiing
__________________________________________________
Special Notes:
1.
After to, base forms are generally used, but whento is part of a phrasal verb and when to is used asa preposition, it is followed by an - ing form:
I want to see you. /I look forward to seeing you.
Are you able to do it by yourself? /Are you up to doing it by yourself?
He used to smoke. /He's used to smoking.
2.
If phrases with participles are at the beginning ofa sentence, they should modify / describe the firstnoun or pronoun in the sentence:
Whistling happily, he began to work.("Whistling happily" modifies "he.")
Holding his hands in the air, he surrendered.("Holding his hands in the air" modifies "he.")
______________________________________
If a phrase with a participle is at the beginning ofa sentence and doesn't modify / describe the firstnoun or pronoun, the meaning will not be clear.In this situation, rewrite the sentence.
wrong--needs to be rewritten:
*Whistling happily, the work waseasy for him.
wrong--needs to be rewritten:
*Holding his hands in the air, the policeman knewthat the criminal wanted to surrender.
3.
Both present participles (- ing forms) and pastparticiples can be used as adjectives, but they havedifferent meanings:
The movie bored me. --->The movie was boring. / I was bored.
That game excited me. --->That was an exciting game /I was excited by that game.
His explanation confused me. --->His explanation was confusing. /I was confused by his explanation.
4.
The combination go + an - ing form is not used forall leisure-time activities:
wrong:
*I go watching TV on weekends.
*I go playing tennis on weekends.
*I go sleeping late on weekends.
*I go relaxing with my friends on weekends.
5.
Some verbs which combine with other words arefollowed by an -ing form (gerund), not to anda base form:
I regret saying that.
He admitted stealing the money.
I recommend seeing a doctor.
He considered taking a vacation.
They proposed taking a break.
Did she suggest cheating?
-ing Forms after prepositions
I am fond of watching movies. (NOT I am fond of to watch movies.)
John was arrested for stealing a policeman’s helmet. (NOT … for to steal …)
Can you talk without opening your mouth?
I am thinking of writing a novel.
You must abstain from talking to such people.
We got the job finished by burning the midnight oil.
We look forward to hearing from you.
To as a preposition
To can be an infinitive marker (e.g. to work, to laugh). It can also be a preposition. When to is a preposition, it is followed by either a noun or the –ing form of a verb, but not normally by the infinitive. Common expressions in which this happens are look forward to, object to, used to, prefer to, get round to, in addition to.
Compare:
I look forward to his next visit. (noun)
I look forward to hearing from you. (NOT I look forward to hear from you.)
I prefer the country to the city. (noun)
I prefer swimming to walking.
I am used to waiting for buses. (NOT I am used to wait for buses.)
They objected to our entering the room.
I object to working on Sundays.
John was arrested for stealing a policeman’s helmet. (NOT … for to steal …)
Can you talk without opening your mouth?
I am thinking of writing a novel.
You must abstain from talking to such people.
We got the job finished by burning the midnight oil.
We look forward to hearing from you.
To as a preposition
To can be an infinitive marker (e.g. to work, to laugh). It can also be a preposition. When to is a preposition, it is followed by either a noun or the –ing form of a verb, but not normally by the infinitive. Common expressions in which this happens are look forward to, object to, used to, prefer to, get round to, in addition to.
Compare:
I look forward to his next visit. (noun)
I look forward to hearing from you. (NOT I look forward to hear from you.)
I prefer the country to the city. (noun)
I prefer swimming to walking.
I am used to waiting for buses. (NOT I am used to wait for buses.)
They objected to our entering the room.
I object to working on Sundays.
Object pronouns before –ing forms
Determiners and possessives are often used with –ing forms.
They insisted on my resigning the post.
Does my smoking annoy you?
I don't mind your coming late.
I hate all this useless arguing.
There is no hope of his arriving on time.
She was angry at John’s trying to lie to her.
In an informal style, it is more common to use object pronouns (like John, me, him, you) instead of possessives (your, his, my, John’s) with –ing forms.
They insisted on me resigning the post.
She was angry at John trying to lie to her.
Object forms are also preferred when the gerund is in the passive form or when the noun denotes a lifeless thing.
We were shocked at President Kennedy being assassinated. (NOT Kennedy’s …)
There is no danger of the roof crashing. (NOT roof’s)
There is no hope of the fog lifting for another hour. (NOT fog’s)
Some verbs (e.g. see, hear, watch, feel) are normally followed by object + -ing form.
I saw him running out of the room. (NOT I saw his …)
It as a preparatory subject
When the subject is a phrase that includes a gerund, 'it' is often used as a preparatory subject to begin the sentence.
It is nice talking to you. (= Talking to you is nice.)
The structure is particularly common with any/no good, any/no use, worth etc.
It is no good your trying to deceive us. (=Your trying to deceive us is no good.)
Is it any good my talking to him?
It is no use trying to convince them.
It is no fun being shot.
Is it worth complaining about his conduct?
It is no use waiting.
Is it worth talking to him?
They insisted on my resigning the post.
Does my smoking annoy you?
I don't mind your coming late.
I hate all this useless arguing.
There is no hope of his arriving on time.
She was angry at John’s trying to lie to her.
In an informal style, it is more common to use object pronouns (like John, me, him, you) instead of possessives (your, his, my, John’s) with –ing forms.
They insisted on me resigning the post.
She was angry at John trying to lie to her.
Object forms are also preferred when the gerund is in the passive form or when the noun denotes a lifeless thing.
We were shocked at President Kennedy being assassinated. (NOT Kennedy’s …)
There is no danger of the roof crashing. (NOT roof’s)
There is no hope of the fog lifting for another hour. (NOT fog’s)
Some verbs (e.g. see, hear, watch, feel) are normally followed by object + -ing form.
I saw him running out of the room. (NOT I saw his …)
It as a preparatory subject
When the subject is a phrase that includes a gerund, 'it' is often used as a preparatory subject to begin the sentence.
It is nice talking to you. (= Talking to you is nice.)
The structure is particularly common with any/no good, any/no use, worth etc.
It is no good your trying to deceive us. (=Your trying to deceive us is no good.)
Is it any good my talking to him?
It is no use trying to convince them.
It is no fun being shot.
Is it worth complaining about his conduct?
It is no use waiting.
Is it worth talking to him?
Gerund with its own object
A gerund can have its own object.
Compare:
Smoking is injurious to health.
Smoking cigarettes is injurious to health. (The noun cigarette is the object of the gerund smoking.)
I love reading.
I love reading novels. (Novels is the object of reading)
Killing foxes is a horrible pastime.
I love driving a fast car.
But note that when an –ing form is used with an article, it cannot usually have a direct object. Instead, we can use an of-structure.
The killing of foxes is a horrible pastime. (NOT The killing foxes …)
The smoking of cigarettes is injurious to health. (NOT The smoking cigarettes …)
The climbing of mountains is a good sport. (NOT The climbing mountains …)
Compare:
Smoking is injurious to health.
Smoking cigarettes is injurious to health. (The noun cigarette is the object of the gerund smoking.)
I love reading.
I love reading novels. (Novels is the object of reading)
Killing foxes is a horrible pastime.
I love driving a fast car.
But note that when an –ing form is used with an article, it cannot usually have a direct object. Instead, we can use an of-structure.
The killing of foxes is a horrible pastime. (NOT The killing foxes …)
The smoking of cigarettes is injurious to health. (NOT The smoking cigarettes …)
The climbing of mountains is a good sport. (NOT The climbing mountains …)
Forms of the gerund
Note the structure of present, perfect, passive and negative –ing forms.
I like shooting. (present)
He does not like being seen in her company. (passive)
She loves being looked at. (passive)
He was charged with having committed arson. (perfect)
He complained of having been tortured by the police. (perfect passive)
Not knowing what to do, she went home. (negative)
A gerund can be the subject, object, object of a preposition or complement of a verb.
Flying makes me sick. (subject)
Trespassing is prohibited. (subject)
We don't allow smoking in our house. (object)
My favourite activity is reading. (complement)
Our mistake was trusting him. (complement)
I don’t believe in buying wine as an investment. (object of a preposition)
I like shooting. (present)
He does not like being seen in her company. (passive)
She loves being looked at. (passive)
He was charged with having committed arson. (perfect)
He complained of having been tortured by the police. (perfect passive)
Not knowing what to do, she went home. (negative)
A gerund can be the subject, object, object of a preposition or complement of a verb.
Flying makes me sick. (subject)
Trespassing is prohibited. (subject)
We don't allow smoking in our house. (object)
My favourite activity is reading. (complement)
Our mistake was trusting him. (complement)
I don’t believe in buying wine as an investment. (object of a preposition)
verbs that can be followed by –ing forms
Some common verbs that are normally followed by –ing forms are:
admit appreciate avoid
consider delay deny
detest dislike endure
enjoy escape excuse
face fancy feel like
finish forgive give up
can't help imagine involve
mention mind miss
postpone practice put off
resent resist risk
suggest understand
Some of the verbs listed above can be followed by object + -ing form.
I dislike people telling me what to do.
I can’t imagine him working in an office.
Nobody can stop him (from) doing what he wants to.
After deserve, need and require, the –ing form has a passive sense.
The car requires servicing. (= needs to be serviced.)
You hair needs cutting. (= needs to be cut.)
Some verbs can be followed by both –ing forms and infinitives. These include:
advise allow can't bear
forbid forget go
go on hate hear
intend like love
permit prefer feel like
propose regret remember
see start stop
try watch
admit appreciate avoid
consider delay deny
detest dislike endure
enjoy escape excuse
face fancy feel like
finish forgive give up
can't help imagine involve
mention mind miss
postpone practice put off
resent resist risk
suggest understand
Some of the verbs listed above can be followed by object + -ing form.
I dislike people telling me what to do.
I can’t imagine him working in an office.
Nobody can stop him (from) doing what he wants to.
After deserve, need and require, the –ing form has a passive sense.
The car requires servicing. (= needs to be serviced.)
You hair needs cutting. (= needs to be cut.)
Some verbs can be followed by both –ing forms and infinitives. These include:
advise allow can't bear
forbid forget go
go on hate hear
intend like love
permit prefer feel like
propose regret remember
see start stop
try watch
Unit 16
Task 1
1.Open - d)start the application ready for use
2.New - b)begin a new file containing no data
3.Save - f)save the document to disk
4.Print - g)sent tha data to the printer to be printed out
5.Insert - e)enter information into the file
6.Edit - a)alter data in the document
7.Format - c)alter the appearance of tha text(e.g. change the font)
1.Open - d)start the application ready for use
2.New - b)begin a new file containing no data
3.Save - f)save the document to disk
4.Print - g)sent tha data to the printer to be printed out
5.Insert - e)enter information into the file
6.Edit - a)alter data in the document
7.Format - c)alter the appearance of tha text(e.g. change the font)
Unit 15
Task 6
A1. You have to divide information into small sections.
A2. You have to make a lot of link to other sites.
A3. You have to start with a brief piece of information to attract the reader.
A4. You must update your page regularly.
B1. You mustn't have a lot of links on one page.
B2. You mustn't include graphics only to make it look nice.
B3. You mustn't forget about readers with less sophisticated browsers.
B4. You mustn't have pages with dead-ends.
A1. You have to divide information into small sections.
A2. You have to make a lot of link to other sites.
A3. You have to start with a brief piece of information to attract the reader.
A4. You must update your page regularly.
B1. You mustn't have a lot of links on one page.
B2. You mustn't include graphics only to make it look nice.
B3. You mustn't forget about readers with less sophisticated browsers.
B4. You mustn't have pages with dead-ends.
Unit 15
Task 3
1. There should never be any dead ends.
2. A maximum of four steps from home page to other pages.
3. Don't have many link yo scroll though on one page.
4. Don't use multimedia simply to make the page look nicers.
5. Remember there are still a lot of users with less sophisticated browers
1. There should never be any dead ends.
2. A maximum of four steps from home page to other pages.
3. Don't have many link yo scroll though on one page.
4. Don't use multimedia simply to make the page look nicers.
5. Remember there are still a lot of users with less sophisticated browers
Unit 14
Task 8
1. By using search engines.
2. By using mouse.
3. By draging files.
4. By clicking 'Go Back' buttton.
5. Storing with favourite menu.
6. Sharing with BLOG.
7. By increasing capacity of RAM.
8. Sending by email.
9. By selecting 'Stop' button.
10. By using mouse.
1. By using search engines.
2. By using mouse.
3. By draging files.
4. By clicking 'Go Back' buttton.
5. Storing with favourite menu.
6. Sharing with BLOG.
7. By increasing capacity of RAM.
8. Sending by email.
9. By selecting 'Stop' button.
10. By using mouse.
Unit 14
Task 7
1. keeping up
2. sending & recieving
3. backing up
4. linking
5. finding
6. Using & entering
7. Sending
8. Becoming & learning
9. keeping up
10. Selecting
1. keeping up
2. sending & recieving
3. backing up
4. linking
5. finding
6. Using & entering
7. Sending
8. Becoming & learning
9. keeping up
10. Selecting
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