A gerund can have its own object.
Compare:
Smoking is injurious to health.
Smoking cigarettes is injurious to health. (The noun cigarette is the object of the gerund smoking.)
I love reading.
I love reading novels. (Novels is the object of reading)
Killing foxes is a horrible pastime.
I love driving a fast car.
But note that when an –ing form is used with an article, it cannot usually have a direct object. Instead, we can use an of-structure.
The killing of foxes is a horrible pastime. (NOT The killing foxes …)
The smoking of cigarettes is injurious to health. (NOT The smoking cigarettes …)
The climbing of mountains is a good sport. (NOT The climbing mountains …)
Compare:
Smoking is injurious to health.
Smoking cigarettes is injurious to health. (The noun cigarette is the object of the gerund smoking.)
I love reading.
I love reading novels. (Novels is the object of reading)
Killing foxes is a horrible pastime.
I love driving a fast car.
But note that when an –ing form is used with an article, it cannot usually have a direct object. Instead, we can use an of-structure.
The killing of foxes is a horrible pastime. (NOT The killing foxes …)
The smoking of cigarettes is injurious to health. (NOT The smoking cigarettes …)
The climbing of mountains is a good sport. (NOT The climbing mountains …)
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